10 Good Reasons Not to Seek Investors For Your Startup

Sure, maybe you need the money. Maybe that’s what your business plan says. But seriously: Do you really want to have investors involved in your dream startup?

I’ve said it before:bootstrapping is underrated. I get frequent emails from people asking how they can get investment for their new startup, and I’ve admitted to being a member of an angel investor group. But let’s not forget, while we’re thinking about it, these 10 good reasons not to seek investors for your startup.

• It’s almost impossible to get investment for your very first startup. If you don’t have startup experience, get somebody on your team who does. Chris Dixon said it best:either you’ve started a company or you haven’t. And if you haven’t, and nobody in your team has either, that makes it very hard.
• You are selling ownership. Investors write checks to own a serious portion of your business. I admit that’s patently obvious, but you should see the emails I get in which people think of investors as if they were some sort of public agency. Once you get investment, you don’t own your entire company.
• Investors are bosses. You are not your own person when you have investors; you’re part of a team. You can’t decide everything by yourself. Politics matter. Investor relations matter. If you screw up, you do it in front of other people, and it hurts those people.
• Valuation is critical to them and you. Simply put, valuation means the price. If you want to give only 10 percent of your company to investors who pay $100,000, you’re saying your company is worth $1 million. And so on. Simple math, but wow, not so simple negotiation.
• Investors don’t make money until there’s a liquidity event. That’s why we always talk about exit strategies. You can be the world’s happiest, healthiest, most cash-independent company, but your investors won’t be happy until you get them cash back. The win is getting money back out of the company. Some big company stock buyers like dividends. Startup investors don’t.
• If it’s not scalable, forget it. The real growth opportunities are scalable. It used to be products only, but now there are some scalable services, like web services, for example. But if doubling your sales means doubling your headcount (that’s called a body shop), then investors aren’t going to be interested.
• If it’s not defensible, it’s tough going at best. Not that I trust patents as a defense, but trade secrets, momentum, a combination of trade secrets and patents, plus a good intellectual property defense budget … if anybody can do it, then investors aren’t interested. (Of course, what would I know, I thought Starbucks was a bad idea because I thought that was too easy to copy … there are always exceptions.)
• Investors aren’t generic. Some become collaborative partners and even mentors, some are nagging insensitive critics. Some are trojan horses. Some help, some don’t. (Hint: choose carefully which investors you approach.)
• Just getting financed doesn’t mean diddly. You haven’t won the race when you get that check.
• Investors sometimes take your company from you.

Source : Tim Berry, Palo Alto Software | Jul. 28, 2011, 11:45 AM

so, we're at the end of this year,See you again next year with more articles.

Create Documentation Stay Up-to-date with charge management

As is known by everyone who has worked in the IT world, change is an unavoidable. It was only a matter of time "and usually not long" before the significant changes made to the network.

• The server will be upgraded,
• Segment the network increases and / or decreases,
• Procedure changed,
• Employees and offices grow,
• And so on.

The result is a network documentation you created with difficulty will direct unused "except" if you are seriously planning to keep up-to-date. Here are some ways to maintain existing documentation and prevent the documentation of your network is not in vain.

MANAGING CHANGES

The key to ensuring that you keep the documentation up-to-date is the charge management. each IT departments should have a formal charge management system is used to control the network changes regularly. besides it, the charge management must run in earnest, including keeping documents up-to-date. And one or some people should have a job description that includes maintenance of network documentation.

Exact procedures to manage changes is very different depending on the size, environment, and culture of the organization. But usually, the process will begin with the proposed changes, followed by evaluation of proposals, the decision whether to pass the changes, and the implementation of change. The person responsible for maintaining documentation to be involved in the process from the beginning.

How to evaluate proposed changes will also vary from organization to organization. It may involve only a few people, a committee, or even several committees. But in any case, if the proposed changes are approved, the next step is to begin updating the documentation to describe the changes that will be implemented.

Other Considerations

At the time you make changes to the network configuration by moving hardware, usually it is clear that these changes must also be made to the network diagram. However, the charge management should also consider how these changes affect the visible such as policy or procedure.

For example, you might have a procedure to take care of the firewall. If you replace it with a new firewall or install additional firewall, you should review these procedures to see if they can still be used. if not, the procedure should be made again.

Although there is no hardware change, policy and procedures, and your hardware and software standards should be reviewed periodically. Over time, the organization's goals or priorities may change, and you have to apply such changes in policy and procedure.

In addition to evaluating the proposed changes, a review of the document should be a routine part of the charge management  Determine the period of review for each standard, policy, or procedure / year, every two years, and so on. In the documentation itself, you should write down the date and the next review date.

Lastly, do not waste documentation long after you change it. Save the file. Over time, you will have historical reports that show the development of your network. Such information is valuable to someone else in the future who want to know how the network can be like now.

ENDLESS PROCESS

Could complete the creation of the first documentation of course, is a great achievement, but it's just the beginning. You must keep documentation so does not become obsolete. Maintenance documentation should be an integral part of charge management that your documentation is always relevant, accurate, and useful.


This is the last article in the label create network documentation,
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How Information Displays?

After getting all the necessary information, you have to find a way to communicate to others as effectively as possible. True, you can write them in narrative form using a word processor such as Microsoft Word, but it's boring to read.

Like most other technical material, it would be better to present the information (at least partially) in form images. In other cases, information may be better presented in a table, such as the spresdsheet. The point is to communicate as effectively as you can, with whatever tool is needed.

One of the most effective tools for networks present in the form of images is Microsoft Visio, which allows you to directly drag and drop the network components, such as servers and switches, into the picture. To show the process or procedure, you can display information in the form of a flowchart.



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Where Do You Get Information?

If you are documenting a network that taken care of, then you probably know more about the network than others. Although the information that needs to be documented does not exist in your mind, you certainly know how to look for it.

However, if you are required to document another network, either as a new supervisor or a consultant, you can not rely on your own knowledge. To gather the necessary details, you have to ask all administrators.

Obtaining the necessary information from the administrator may not be easy. For one thing, political factors can hinder your efforts. Maybe the administrators get annoyed with you, see you as an "outsider". Maybe the administrators feel threatened by the making of such documentation or felt it was not necessary. In this case, you need all the skills as diplomats to obtain the necessary information. You have to find a way to overcome these obstacles. Maybe you will be able to make the administrators to see that they are an important part of the manufacturing documentation.

While the administrators want to participate, you may have difficulty communicating with them. Often people will ignore things they can see clearly, but not for others. Or they are very capable of doing their job, but are less able to describe to others. You must be patient and persistent in talking with other administrators, approach from a different direction to get the necessary information. And you may still have to do their own investigation.

If you are accepted as a senior network administrator, and the administrator had not left any information (there are no other employees who know) you have to find the necessary information from the network itself. Follow the cables, see the server configuration and configuration router / switch, and so on

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Physical access

You also have to make policy for the physical security of the device. Here are examples of questions that must be answered :

• Who allowed get into the room?
• What are the key type, which is used on the door?
• Is access limited to the day or a certain time?
• Did you record the serial number of the device?
• Is there a record of the visit?
• Who reads these notes and when?
• Are you going to use a video camera? if so, who and how many times to change the cassette tape replaced?

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infiltration Security

One aspect of the security policy that you may hope will never be used is the security breaches. Though it may be short, but this part is very important. Since there are many types of security breaches, this section takes some thought. Employees who enter the room the other computer can be regarded as an intruder security, as hacker who breaks into the server.

You should consider different types of security breaches and how to handle them. For example, if there are employees elsewhere in the computer room, which you do may ask for the security escorted out. If a hacker breaks into the server, you may reformat the hard drive and restore from back-up servers made ​​before the burglary or breaches.





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E-mail

Policy e-mail could have been the biggest part of your security guide. Here are some questions you can use to create e-mail policy:

• Do you allow attachments from inside?
• If the attachment is allowed, if it applies to all or only certain people?
• What is the maximum size of user mailboxes?
• What if there are users who use e-mail to commit an illegal act?
• What if there are users who use e-mail to take action threatening?
• What if there are users who use e-mail to take action disturbing others?
• What if there are users who use e-mail to perform the act of sending / receiving pornography, jokes, or other brutal material?
• What if an employee is sending bulk e-mail through the company's server?
• Does the company monitor the use of e-mail? if so, who did it, who they monitor, and how many times?
• Are employees informed about such monitoring, or monitoring carried out secretly?

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Antivirus Software

Surely you would want every machine running the same type of antivirus software. Policy should mention what software you used and what actions dillakukan to deal with the virus. The following questions may help you in making policy virus.


Following questions may help you in making policy virus.

• What antivirus software running on the workstation?
• What antivirus software running on your server?
• What antivirus software running on your e-mail server?
• When the time to download and install the update antivirus?, If so, this is done automatically or manually?
• If done manually, who is responsible for doing it?
• If there is a virus, whether they are quarantined or deleted?
• Does your policy to the user, who often receives an attachment containing a virus?

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Service Pack and Hot Fix

That security is also important is the service packs and hot fixes. If for example you are using windows, then you should check the Microsoft website. You must have a policy that explains how it is done. Because there is no one specific way to deal with service packs and hot fixes, you have to determine for themselves what is best for your organization.

Here are some questions that need to be answered at the time you make a policy:

• Who is checking service packs and hot fixes new?
• How many times has it done?
• At the time the patch is installed, whichever comes first machine installed (if the process is automated o)?
• Who installed the patch?
• Is the patch installed dapa during the day, evening, or weekend?

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user rights

Another important aspect of computer security is access control. Usually, the right of access to a given resource tends to shut rather than individual users. Therefore, enter a list of all the groups in your security guide. List must contain a description of the group and what permissions are required so that the user can be a member of the group.

make the list is not an lightly and should be maintained continuously. You will benefit with the document. First, by having the data group permissions in writing. You can see that everything is consistent. This is a surefire way to ensure that no one is to change the group permissions. Should do checks at specified intervals.

Another advantage could be a weapon in the face of a stubborn manager. Suppose the marketing manager asked that people put in all groups. At the time answered not, he can just say that you have no basis for rejecting his request.

One way to overcome these managers face is to take your security. and shows a black and white counts where there the phrase "to be a member of the Administrators group, the user must ...".


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Security Template

At the time talking about policy and security measures, we tend to think about things like minimum password length and the length of time the log on. Two it is certainly an aspect of security policy and unquestionably should be included in your security guide.

However, try to stay away from questions like "password must be at least eight character". We certainly do not want to use the same security policy between IT staff and other users. IT staff have access to a higher than another user and thus require more stringent security. Similarly, some of the servers storing the information is more important than the other servers and require a more stringent level of security. Because of these differences, it should use the security template.

Security Template is a file containing predefined settings that can applied to a group. One in the security guide, you could have mentioned

• Administrators use template A.
• Manager uses templates B.
• User using templates C.

Next, you can specify the settings within each template. This includes the password length, password expiration, and all other security settings.

You also need to specify the template to be applied to the device. At the very least, you will need one template for workstations, one for members of the server, and one for the domain controller. If you have a server application then you may want to create a template for them. Keep in mind that the template workstation should not allow users to install unauthorized software or deleting system files. Template domain controller must protect Active Directory.

One more step that needs to be done. You should periodically check the contents of the template, and having integrity proven template, use the template to audit the existing setting. Free security you should mention how many times it was done, who did it, to whom the results are given, and what to do if there is any inconsistency.



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administrative security guide

User security administration is a little more difficult than your user security. most people tend to think security is to prevent hackers and viruses. Although it is true, another aspect of security is to protect users from themselves and protect the network from users who do not know what they are do.

You have to design a strict security system. Therefore, administrative documentation should be more lengthy and detailed. There is no right way or wrong way to make your administrative security. each organization has different needs. One company may require policy and procedureThe 200-page security, while smaller companies may suffice to five pages.

What is contained in it is entirely up to you.



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Free Security End User

Free flow of explaining what to do user-related security. However, if it is small and many foreign terms, and even then it is not hard to read a lot of users who want to take the time to read and try to understand the guidelines.

Guidelines for the end user could be just one page that describes the basic security policy. Documents can contain for example:

•  change passwords every 30 days,
•  Do not write passwords carelessly or tell anyone else,
•  Do not install software onto company computers,
•  Do not connect the device to the network restricted,
•  All submissions must be approved by the computer supervisor prior to submission to the purchasing department,
•  Do not use company computers than affairs of the company,
•  etc.

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documentation should include your network security

Most network documentation contains hardware inventory, map connections, IP address, and so on. However, your security is as important as the hardware documentation. User security is very important in maintaining the smooth running of your network.

Simply put, your security is a document which clearly states the policy related to network security. In a real situation, the company may have had two panuan security. One is intended for people who are responsible for security arrangements and another for the end user.


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what is documented?

if you take over the network for the first time, what information you want to know?
that must be included in your network documentation. Enter the information is clear and useful, and it will be available at the time the person concerned does not exist. That is the core documentation.

You should also prioritize documentation. Specify the information that must be recorded and the information you which ones can wait later. You can not do everything at once. Although each network has its own features, many common elements that can be documented.

• Network topology

This is usually done in the form of a diagram showing the 'node' major network, such as routers, switches, firewalls, and servers, and how they are all connected. Typically, printers and workstation are not included.

• Server

This is all the information on the server you will need to set up or take care of them, such as the name, function, IP address, disk configuration, OS and service pack, date and place of purchase, warranty and so on.

• Division of routers and switches port

This includes details of WAN configuration, VLAN, or port to the node distribution network through a patch panel.

• Configure the service network

Network services, such as DNS, WINS, DHCP, and RAS, is essential for network operations .. You should describe the complete structure. Although you can get this information by checking the server, the intention is to save time by documenting in a format that is easily broken.

• Domain policy and profiles

You can restrict the ability of a network user with Police Editor or Group Policies. You can also make roamingprofile that can be stored on the server rather than on your local computer. This configuration, if used, must be documented.

• Critical Applications

You must document how they are maintained, including what usually happens to them and how to solve the problem.

• Procedure

The procedure is basically the way we run the policy, and it can be quite long. For example, the policy "network must be secure from foreign users." However, it took a great effort to implement that policy. There is a procedure for firewalls, network protocols, passwords, physical security, and so on. You may also need procedures to handle network problems reported by users and for routine maintenance of the server.


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How to Translate Legal Documents

Legal translation is a very specific skill. In order to translate legal documents you will need to be detail oriented and have strong writing skills. You should have a command of the language you are translating. It would be helpful to have a legal background. Remember that many of the documents you translate may be used as evidence in the future.

Instructions

• Familiarize yourself with the document to be translated. Use your legal dictionary if needed.

• Translate the document using the translation software. Use software translation guides as references, but you should be fluent in the two languages you're working with.

• Edit every single word in the document to assure that it flows and makes sense to the target reader. Do not use words that your target audience will not readily understand. Use your dictionary and language skills.

• Remember that you are merely translating. You should never paraphrase. Always use the formal language contained in the document in the same order. A slight change can alter the legal meaning of a document, so you must be precise. Do not add comments to clarify the translation unless they are part of the translation. As much as possible it should be a literal translation. If you think something is wrong, don't change it. Make a note for the attorney and the copy editor.

• Make sure you adhere to the deadlines given by the attorney. Some legal documents have deadlines in court and are useless after those dates. Remember that all legal translations are to remain confidential. Do not discuss or distribute any legal translations except to the attorney who assigned the project to you.

Source : braniac

make arrangements

like the other great work, making network documentation requires planning. It is important to remember that this principle is communicating. Will be your task to take technical information and present it to someone less familiar with the network so that people can know what you know. At the time of the planning stage, you should determine what you want documented, where the place to get the information needed, and how to present it.

The next review about creating network documentation will continue tomorrow,
have a nice day

why is it necessary documentation?

you may think why to spend time to create documentation while you are busy with routine maintenance work such as servers and switches, to handle network problems, plan and perform an upgrade, as well as attending meetings. In fact by having a good network documentation you will get some benefits.

Documentation can be a life saver when troubleshooting - at the time of issue, the documentation will serve sebegai references to guide you in doing troubleshooting. Documentation can be instrumental in training new employees, if any new employees coming in, he / she will be faster to learn if there is a reference book.


Documentation can be a helper for contractors and consultants (they are not cheap). If they need to know the details of network infrastructure, they will work more quickly if there is documentation. Overall it will save time and money that will surely make your boss very happy.

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create network documentation

make the documentation is time-consuming job and boring.
However, the documentation is very important to maintain the condition and smooth your network. Maybe you've just come in as a network administrator in the office of the new and there is no documentation for the network. Or maybe your boss call and ask you to document the network from scratch. regardless of any situation, if you must document without any data, it will be difficult to determine where to begin.

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How to Serve Legal Documents

There are strict rules for serving legal process on a party to a lawsuit. Acceptable methods of serving legal process include constructive service, mailed notice and acknowledgment of receipt, personal service, substituted service and service by publication. Service of process may be effectuated by a process server or a sheriff’s office in the jurisdiction where the real property is located. Special rules apply when serving members of the armed forces and government agencies. Court rules may require service within a specified time period. The original summons should be returned to court after service of the documents.

Instructions

• Start by filing a lawsuit or other legal proceeding either by yourself or representation by a licensed attorney.

• Determine the acceptable methods of serving the entity or persons. These can include mail and acknowledgment of receipt, personal or constructive service, substituted service or service by publication. Proceedings involving possession andor ownership of real property such as evictions, foreclosures or actions for adverse possession may require that you post a conspicuous notice on the property and thereafter mailing a certified mail notice to all occupants of the real property.

• Contact your state’s secretary of state to determine who the proper agent for service of process is. All corporations must designate a person or company that can accept service of legal process for their corporation. Generally, you must either serve the agent for service of process or serve a person apparently in charge of the office and send a copy of the documents to the company’s main office.

• Serve individuals and sole proprietorships by personal service, if possible. If your process server has unsuccessfully attempted to serve documents personally, you may usually effectuate service by leaving copies of the documents with any person age 18 or older who resides at the party’s residence and sending a copy of the documents to that party via certified mail.If you have diligently and unsuccessfully attempted to locate a party, you can usually get the court’s approval to serve the party by publishing a notice in a “newspaper of general circulation.”

• Serve a governmental entity by whatever method required by your state or required by the specific federal agency. In some cases, you may be required to serve the state’s attorney general or the head of the agency you are suing.

Tips & Warnings

You should provide as much information as possible to your process server. If a party to be served isn’t home or at their office, the number of attempts to serve may result in you having to pay additional fees to the process server. Also, be sure that the process server has sent a copy of the declaration or proof of service to the court.

Errors in service process can be fatal to a lawsuit. You must meticulously follow the laws and court rules relative to service of process.


Source : Roger Jewell, eHow Contributor

How to Make Legal Documents

A legal document is proof of a contract.

According to Black's Law Dictionary, a contract is an agreement involving two or more parties, in which all parties agree to certain actions. Legal documents are written proof of these obligatory contracts. A legal document can be used as binding proof in nearly all legal situations; to name just a few, legal documents are used in real estate, family law, intellectual property, and commerce. When drafting a legally binding contract, you must adhere to legality and articulate the actions.

• Address only legal activity in the written document. To be considered a legally binding document, the contract cannot involve illegal products or activities. Drugs, theft, and violence are three examples of subject matter nullifying an otherwise binding legal document.

• Address, in the document, two or more voluntary parties. A legal document is not legal if it involves only one party. Likewise, the document is not legal if one or all parties are forced into the contract. For example, if one party holds the other at gunpoint, forcing cooperation, the document is not legally binding.

• Ensure that all parties are of sound mind. Each person involved in a contract must be sane, sober, and of a legal age. Any contract involving an intoxicated, underage, or mentally incompetent individual is not legally binding. Expressing the Actions

• State an offer in the written document. The contract's offer states the obligations to which each party is responsible. The offer is typically conditional. Basically, Party A promises to do or give X, so long as Party B promises to do or give Y. For example, Party A could be a car owner, selling to Party B a vehicle, as long as Party B promises (and delivers) one hundred dollars a month for sixty months.

• Include an acceptance. In the written legal document, it must be apparent that the offered party agrees with what you, as the legal document drafter, articulate in the document. If your original document is not initially agreed upon by your offered party, you can include amendments and re-offer the contract. Not until both parties are satisfied, however, can a written document be legal.

• Include consideration. Consideration means that there exists an exchange between two parties. One party cannot solely receive, and the other cannot solely give. If Party A gives Party B a car, but does not specify consideration, the action is not legally binding. If Party B gives Party A something in return, however, the contract becomes legally binding, even if Party B gives Party A something as minor as a dollar. For your document to be legal, you must include evidence of an exchange.

Tips & Warnings

• Be as specific as possible. The more vague your document, the easier it is to refute. Stating one hundred dollars a month for sixty months, delivered by midnight on the first of each month is a much safer way than requesting six thousand dollars in sixty months. Have a legal professional review your document, and, preferably, offer advice. Lawyers and legal professionals are trained and familiar with potential loopholes.
• Review your document with great care. Because the written legal document is binding, all parties are legally obligated to adhere to the terms.

Source : Andrea Lynn Farkas

How to Send Legal Documents

Take care to keep proof that you've sent your legal documents.
Sending legal documents to people who require them is a simple procedure that you can accomplish with a quick trip to the post office. It's important to send any required documentation out before the deadline so that all parties involved in the situation have time to read and assess the documents they receive. Keeping good records of mailing and notifying everyone involved will ensure that if your documentation is questioned in court, you'll be able to answer any charges or concerns.

Instructions

• Call each person who will be receiving copies of the documents you're sending and confirm their physical address.
• Place the documents into a document mailer. Include a piece of cardboard the same size as the paperwork to help ensure that the documents aren't bent or folded. You can obtain these items at the post office or any local office supply store.
• Take the documents in their mailer to the post office and ask the clerk to calculate and attach the postage.
• Request a Certificate of Mailing. You'll need to send you documents via First-Class mail. The Certificate of Mailing is your proof that you posted the documents with a postal worker, so be sure not to lose the receipt. If the documents pertain to an ongoing case, file the Certificate of Mailing with the Clerk of Court where the case is being heard.
• Attach a signature request to the delivery. This will show that the person who is receiving the documents actually got to him and will prevent anyone from saying that he never received his paperwork if he did.

Source : Melly Parker

How to Prepare Legal Documents

Although preparing an effective legal document is not an easy task, it is not as arcane a task as many people believe it to be. Many of the principles of preparing legal documents are the same as the principles of good writing that apply to any written work. Other principles are specific to the practice of law. A good rule of thumb when preparing a legal document is to pretend that it is being presented as evidence in court and that the opposing lawyer is trying to twist your words to make them appear to mean something other than what you intended. If you can draft the document well enough to make this impossible, then you have drafted the document properly.


Instructions

• Identify the parties clearly. First and last names are usually not enough--you will need identifying information such as an address or Social Security number that is sufficient to distinguish each person from every other person in the world. Be sure not to confuse the identity of an individual with the identity of the company that he represents--in many cases, companies rather than individuals are parties to a legal document.

• Use terms consistently--don't use the word car in one sentence and the word automobile in the next sentence to refer to the same vehicle. In many cases, parties or terms are defined by the use of capital letters (for example, ...the mortgage held by Second Central Bank, hereinafter referred to as the Mortgage...), where the term Mortgage is used consistently after that point. This may seem cumbersome, but it is often necessary to prevent opposing counsel from manufacturing ambiguities if the document is ever used in court. However, the use of definitions should not be overused to make a document look more legal--it should clarify rather than obscure the content.

• Avoid legalese but don't be afraid to use a legal-sounding term if it is a legitimate term of art. Refer to a legal dictionary if you are unsure. For example, the use of Party A and Party B or Smith and Jones is certainly superior to unnecessarily cumbersome Party of the First Part and Party of the Second Part. However, the term springing executory interest may sound arcane but is probably the most accurate and succinct way to describe what it refers to.

• Use simple grammar whenever possible. Long sentences with more than one subordinate clause can often be interpreted more than one way. This can result in ambiguous double meanings for the same sentence. Such ambiguities could be seized upon by someone who is, for example, trying to avoid contractual obligations.

• Break your document up into clear headings. Specify within the document whether the headings should be used to interpret the text or are inserted for reference only. For example, a price of $10,000 might be alternatively payable in Japanese Yen if the heading reads Payment but probably must be paid in US dollars if the heading reads Payment and Currency. If the headings are inserted for reference only, no such interpretation is available.

• Pay particular attention to any signatures required to make the document legally effective. If an individual is signing on behalf of a company or under a power of attorney, this should be clearly noted. If a document must be notarized, a place for the signature of the notary public should be provided.

• Check over the document to make sure it is flawless in terms of spelling, grammar and punctuation. Remember that the simple misplacement of a comma can change the meaning of a sentence and, in some cases, the entire document.

Source : David Carnes

How to Format Legal Documents

The proper format for a legal document can vary greatly, depending on the type of document you are drafting and laws of your state. Legal documents will have at least four parts the caption, body, signature block and certificate of service. Generally, there are not written rules regarding what font and type size should be used on legal documents, but most courts prefer that filings be printed in a clear type such as Times New Roman or Arial.


Instructions

• Review the rules of your jurisdiction. Before you begin to draft your document, review your court's rules governing the format and contents of the specific legal papers you are writing. Your state's rules will generally give you samples of common documents such as petitions and motions. You can base your formatting on these models.
• Add a caption. On all legal documents, you will need to add a caption at the top of the first page that lists the names of the parties to the case, the name of the court where the matter is being heard and the case number.
• Name the document. Underneath the caption, you will need to title your document, for example Petition for Divorce or Motion to Dismiss on the Grounds of Jurisdiction.
• Keep it simple. The body of your legal document should contain short, simple paragraphs. Most courts prefer that you number each paragraph so that each element of the document can be identified easily in other documents and in the courtroom proceedings.
• Sign and date it. You must sign and date all legal documents. Most courts also require that you add your contact information below your signature, including your telephone number, mailing address and email address. Most courts prefer that you sign in blue ink since is it difficult to tell whether a document is the original or a photocopy when it is signed in black.
• Certify service. Most documents require a certificate of service. This will state the name of the other party, the opposing party's address and a brief statement describing how you served them the document. You will also need to include what date the document was served. You must also sign the certificate of service.

source : R.A. Anderson

How to Store Legal Documents

Keep valuables and critical legal documents in a fireproof safe, a bank safe deposit box, or both.
During your lifetime you will likely collect numerous legal documents. Marriage licenses, wills, birth certificates, social security cards, tax returns and deeds are the most common legal documents. Some of these documents can be replaced if lost (such as most legal documents issued by the government); others may need to be completely rewritten (such as unrecorded deeds or wills). When choosing how to store your legal documents, rocketlawyer.com suggests keeping in mind two factors security and ease of access.

Things You'll Need

• Fireproof safe
• Locking file cabinet
• Folders

Instructions

Make copies of your important legal documents. Important legal documents pertain to you and your identity. Marriage licenses, birth certificates, social security cards, wills and a list of your bank account numbers are examples of important legal documents.

Store one set of your important legal documents in an emergency kit. Use a fireproof safe that locks. Keep your important documents in the safe and remember where the key is or what the combination is. Keep the safe hidden, yet easily accessible, perhaps in a small closet crawlspace.

Take copies of your important documents and place them in a bank safe deposit box. This creates a backup for your important legal documents and provides you security (although you can't access the documents as quickly if they're not in your home).

Place other legal documents in a locking filing cabinet. Organize the documents by type for ease of access. Other legal documents include less-important items such as tax returns, credit card statements, investment records, bills and paycheck stubs.

Keep tax documents, investment records, and lawsuit judgments in the filing cabinet for seven years. Shred after seven years. Keep bank statements, credit card statements, and paychecks for no longer than one year and then shred; typically you do not need these documents after one year (usually after you file your tax return) and these documents should be destroyed since they contain personal information.


Tips & Warnings
Consider scanning less-important documents to PDF files to save space.


source : George Lawrence

How to File Legal Documents

The rules for filing legal documents differ from state to state. In addition, the specific rules of each courthouse will likely differ. Before attempting to file any legal documents, it is important that you read the rules of civil procedure for your specific state as well as any other administrative rules prescribed by the specific courthouse. But while the specific details differ from courthouse to courthouse, there are several principles that are shared across jurisdictions.

Things You'll Need
Civil rules of procedure
Computer with Internet access
Envelopes

Instructions

• Read the rules. No matter what jurisdiction you are in, it is critically important to read the rules of civil procedure. Visit the website for the courthouse where you will be filing your documents and see if administrative requirements are listed online. You should also go to the clerk's office of the courthouse. Resources may be available there to assist you in following the rules of that court.

• Determine what type of document you need to file. If you are involved in an adversarial proceeding, it is likely you will file a complaint, a motion, a praecipe, or another civil litigation document. It's important to read the rules to determine which type of document you need to file for the specific legal relief you are pursuing. In other words, if you want the court to take a specific action, you need to determine what the appropriate format is to ask the court for relief.

• Draft the document. Draft the document pursuant to the rules of civil procedure and any other rules the individual court prescribes.

• Serve the opposing party or parties if they exist. If you are involved in an adversarial proceeding, you must send copies of your legal document to the other side prior to filing the document. Most jurisdictions require that you send the document by mail. You must also include a certificate of service with the document certifying, by your signature, that you sent the documents to the opposing party.

• File the document. Many jurisdictions require that you physically deliver the document to the clerk's office in the court. It's useful to bring two copies with you. You should file one with the clerk's office and ask for the second to have a file stamp placed on it. That way, you have proof that you filed the specific document should any document get lost. Other jurisdictions allow for e-filing, a process for filing documents online. Again, it is crucial to determine all the appropriate rules and procedures of your jurisdiction.

Tips & Warnings
Filing legal documents is a very difficult process. It's complicated and requires tremendous diligence and extraordinary attention to detail. You should seriously consider whether hiring a qualified attorney, licensed to practice in your jurisdiction, is the better way to proceed.

DISCLAIMER This article is intended to serve as a general overview of how to file legal documents. It is not intended to serve as legal advice. To determine how the law applies to the facts of your particular situation or how to file legal documents in your specific jurisdiction, consult a qualified attorney, licensed to practice law in your state


Source : Joseph Scrofano

How to Copy Legal Documents

Copy Legal Documents

Legal Documents are any papers used by lawyers prior to, during, or after legal proceedings have been completed. These can include such things as lists of evidence, subpoenas and interview transcripts, among others. Legal documents must be copied in a specific way so that they can be referenced easily when after being filed. While it does require a little extra work compared to making regular copies, copying legal documents is not at all difficult.


Things You'll Need
A Copy Machine

Instructions

• Sign anything that needs to be signed on the document with a blue pen. Because copies are made in black-and-white, the blue pen will appear black on the copy. This way, you will always be able to differentiate the original from the copy.

• Copy the documents. Put each page that you need to copy onto the copier's scanner, one at a time. Make sure they are face down and lined up in the scanner. Key in the number of copies you need to make on the keypad and press the SCAN button on the copier to complete the job.

• Stamp each copied page of the documents with the COPY stamp. Every law firm needs to make copies on a daily basis. Because of this, every law firm has at its disposal a rubber stamp that reads COPY in big letters. This is to quickly and easily display that you are looking at a copy of an original document. Take the COPY stamp and stamp every page you've just copied, making sure not to stamp any of the original documents.

Source : Stephen Lilley

How to Cite Legal Documents

Cite Legal Documents

When preparing legal briefs and memorandum, it is very important to properly cite legal sources. Here is how to properly cite cases of law in legal writing using The Bluebook.

Things You'll Need
A case to cite An updated copy of The Bluebook


Instructions

• Find rule 10 in The Bluebook, page 79 in the Eighteenth Edition. Rule 10 explains the rules for citing cases.

• Cite the case name. For example, in Smith v. Jones, Smith is the first party, v. is for versus, and Jones is the second party. The case name is underlined and followed with a comma.

• Find the volume number of the reporter in which the case is found. For example, if Smith v. Jones is found in volume 27 of the Federal Supplements, you would write Smith v. Jones, 27

• Write the abbreviation of the reporter after the volume number. For example, the Smith v. Jones case would be Smith v. Jones, 27 F.Supp. If you do not know what the proper abbreviation is, it can be found in the beginning of the book in which the case is found.

• Include the page number that the case starts on after the reporter. For example, if Smith v. Jones was on pages 64-97, you would write Smith v. Jones, 27 F.Supp. 64. If you are referring to a specific page, add it after the first page number separated by a comma.

• Write the year the case was decided last in parenthesis. For example, is Smith v. Jones was decided in 1975, your complete citation would look like this Smith v. Jones, 27 F.Supp. 64, 89 (1975).

Tips & Warnings
A citation is a sentence and should begin with a capital letter and end with a period. Refer to The Bluebook rules for abbreviating case names.

Source : Jessica Leigh

Who Can Notarize Real Estate Related Documents

State-commissioned notaries can endorse real estate--related documents.
In order for a person to receive a notarial commission and become a notary public, the he must meet certain requirements that vary from state to state. In general, he must be at least 18 years old, a resident of the state for at least 30 days, submit an application to the Lieutenant Governor's office, receive two endorsements from residents of the state that are also at least 18 years old, pay for and pass a notarial test, obtain a $5,000 notary bond and pay various fees.

What is a Notary Public
Notaries are public servants that are commissioned by the state Lieutenant Governor's office to witness the signing of important legal documents and to administer oaths. The purpose of the documents will vary greatly but will likely include real estate--related documents. These documents are susceptible to fraud.

Allowable Forms of Signer Identification
Because a notary public is required to positively identify the signer(s) of a document using a form of government-issued identification, the likelihood of fraud is low with a notarized document. Acceptable forms of identification include a driver's license, passport or military ID. Some documents are not legally binding unless they are properly notarized. These include affidavits, deeds and powers of attorney. Warranty deeds are common real estate--related documents that require the endorsement of a notary public.

Persons Allowed to Notarize Real Estate--Related Documents
Once the lieutenant governor of the state issues a notarial commission to a person, she may perform notarial acts in any part of the state for which the commission was issued. The term of the commission lasts for four years. As part of the notarial act, the notary public must specify the state and county where the notarial act was performed (the notary public must be aware of the county in which they are performing a notarial act in order to execute the act correctly). If this is not done, the document will not be legally binding. Some states allow only attorneys to notarize real estate--related documents. If you are uncertain if this applies to you, contact your local Lieutenant Governor's office for more information.

Real Estate Documents That May Require a Notarization
The types of documents that require a notarization include, but are not limited to, closing documents signed by both the sellers and the buyers and warranty deeds. Real estate transactions executed in different states may require different forms to be notarized.

Notaries and Legal Advice
Non-attorney notaries are not qualified to dispense legal advice. If a notary advertises his services, the advertisement must include the following statement I am not an attorney licensed to practice law in (state) and may not give legal advice about immigration or any other legal matters or accept fees for legal advice. If the notary public advertises his services in a language other than English, the same disclaimer must be included.



source : Kelly Nuttall

How to Read Real Estate Records

Keep a real estate glossary handy when reviewing real estate records.
Reading real estate records without a knowledge of the terminology is challenging. Records are prepared differently and the terms used are not all the same in every state, which can be confusing. You can learn to read real estate records with the help of a glossary, much like a person visiting a foreign country refers to a translation book.


Instructions

• Get a real estate glossary book. You can find one at a book store or download the Real Estate Marketplace Glossary by the Federal Trade Commission on the Internet. The glossary gives 17 pages of definitions for terms found in real estate records.

• View a legal website such as the Washington State Bar Association and review its real estate publication concerning documents used in real estate transactions. It gives a full description of real estate documents, such as listing agreements, purchase and sale agreements, disclosure documents, security documents and financial records.

• Visit the Register of Deeds Office in your county and review the deeds, mortgages and liens. Index books consist of recordings made in a year. The index book gives the book number and page number of a particular document. You can make copies of these documents and examine them at your leisure.

• Take a trip to the library and compare records you have to a book on real estate documents. Follow the format of the documents and get a feel for the structure of the record. You will find that many records have the same terminology and same sections that cover pertinent legal declarations.

• Take the real estate record to an attorney for clarification. If you are in the process of buying a property or obtaining a mortgage, you have the right to an attorney review.

• Obtain several rental agreements, which are confusing because not all landlords use the same documents. Check the rental agreement terminology against a glossary. Understand the clauses that govern the security deposit, termination of lease, eviction, late fees and property damage.

• Educate yourself on a standard format for most real estate records. You can find blank documents through legal supply stores, bookstores and in some cases, real estate agencies and county offices. Documents vary by state. Learning a standard format will enable you to read most real estate records with ease.

Tips & Warnings

• Refer to a real estate glossary.
• Do not sign a blank document.
• Do not sign a document you do not understand.

source : Vickie Van Antwerp

How to Notarize a Real Estate Document

How to Notarize a Real Estate Document

Because real estate documents are legally binding, you must have some paperwork, such as documents pertaining to deeds and mortgage or sales agreements, notarized by a notary public. Often offered to simply as a notary, a notary public has the legal authorization to witness oaths and agreements between individuals, organizations and businesses. Having your real estate document notarized confirms the identities of everyone involved and ensures all parties are entering into the agreement of their own free will.

Instructions

• Complete the document with names, addresses, monetary figures and other information as necessary. Do not sign or date the document.

• Find a notary public at your county courthouse, local government offices, city hall, public library or document and package handling store.

• Go to the notary with everyone who needs to sign the document. Pay the notary fee, which is usually less than $10.

• Sign the document.The notary will witness the signatures of each party and place his seal on the document to prove he served as a witness.

source : Lauren Treadwell

Documents to Set Up Owner Financing

Real estate professionals assist with owner financed real estate transactions.
Owner financing occurs when the owner of a property finances a real estate transaction. Owner financing is also referred to as owner or seller carryback and is a non-traditional form of real estate funding. All legal matters in the transaction are negotiated between the buyer and seller. Each party must review and sign several documents to ensure the transaction is conducted legally.

Purchase Contract
One of the most important documents used in an owner financed real estate transaction is the purchase agreement or contract. This contract specifies that the transaction is a seller-financed deal and lists the consideration involved in the transaction. The contract lists the property address and if the property is being sold in as-is condition. The contract also lists the purchase price of the property, the down payment and the amount financed. The purchase contract also details who is responsible for paying the insurance and property taxes on the home as well as to whom the monthly mortgage payments will be paid.

Owner Carryback Disclosure
An owner financing disclosure document details information about the mortgage note. This document defines the mortgage amount, number of installments and installment amounts plus interest. The disclosure also specifies that the note is secured by the property. Title conditions and escrow information are also included in the owner financing disclosure statement.

Transfer Disclosure
A real estate transfer document discloses the condition of the property to be sold and the physical characteristics of the property. In this document, the seller discloses what is included in the property at the time of sale such as appliances, central heating and air, water softener, garage door openers, hot tubs, alarm systems and many other items. The disclosure identifies if these items are in working order or if they need repair. Further, the disclosure describes the age of the home, type of wiring and roof type. The seller discloses items with significant defects, if known.

Funding Disclosure
A funding disclosure is a document that outlines funding and closing information. It details when down payment funds are due after closing and the responsibilities of the closing agents once the real estate transaction has been completed.


source : Sherrie Scott

Commercial Real Estate Documents Checklist

Commercial Real Estate Documents Checklist
Purchasing commercial real estate can be tricky, but having a checklist beforehand can be really helpful, so that you don’t forget anything. There are some documents that are not necessary, but are still beneficial to the buyer and the seller. Carry a checklist with you beforehand to ensure that everything is put together properly and is in order.

 Due Diligence Checklist For Commercial Property Closing Checklist for a Real Estate Agent

Precontract
Precontracts are a smart choice for both residential and commercial real estate. A precontract is simply a description of a contractual agreement that is not yet in place. In a way, a precontract is like a plan of action, as well as a promise for an agreement before the agreement has actually been implemented. A precontract ensures that the buyer (or investor) has everything on track and that they will see a return on their investment. The precontract outlines the promise of the agreement before the agreement has actually taken place. This is especially beneficial to someone who is putting down earnest money or who is promising verbally to go through with a purchase, but has not actually filed out the paperwork. For example, a seller may have three interested buyers, but may decide on one individual because she is paying a higher price than the other two. The precontract is put into place to say that the buyer is promising to make the purchase within a certain amount of time for a certain amount of money. That way, the seller has some assurance that the deal will go through.

Prepared Affidavit and Memorandum Agreement
The Affidavit and Memorandum Agreement is usually a simple statement that the involved parties have entered a written agreement over the property. It can be a blank form that is filled in by hand. The form is an extra step, but it is helpful in case the actual agreement or document is lost. It can also be used to outline all of the paperwork that was filled out and agreed upon by all parties. The Affidavit and Memorandum Agreement usually lists the state and county that the agreement will take place in and discusses the commercial purchase and sale of the property andor related business or supplies. The agreement is a short agreement and is signed and dated by all parties. An affidavit should be signed by a notary, which means all involved parties and the witness should meet at the notary’s office, bringing their identification cards. There may be a small fee for getting the document notarized.

Prepared Earnest Money Escrow Agreement
If earnest money is being put down, an agreement should be drawn up beforehand. Earnest money is an agreed-upon amount of money that the buyer will give to the seller (usually put into an escrow account until the sale is completed). If the agreement is not concluded satisfactorily, the seller usually has the right to keep the earnest money. The best way to describe earnest money is that it is a good faith deposit. An Earnest Money Escrow Agreement outlines how much earnest money is being put down, why and how the money is to be used.

Commercial Real EstateBusiness Agreement
Finally, put the entire agreement in writing in a formal purchase agreement. This is the final agreement (on paper) that the buyer and seller enter into and which will seal the deal and make the purchase final. After this paperwork has been completed and payment has been made in full, the buyer can take over the business property and the seller has completed the sale. If making a commercial real estate purchase which includes some type of business or materials, make sure that the purchase agreement lists all assets that are part of the sale. That way, you will not find yourself in the position of expecting to buy, for example, a complete motorcycle repair shop with all current business contacts, equipment and stock and end up owning only an empty building. The business agreement will vary according to what the buyer and seller agree on, but should be looked over by a real estate lawyer or experienced broker.

source: Beth Lytle

A Legal Description of Property Documents

Real property, as distinguished from personal property, can be loosely defined as land. Real property encompasses the surface and everything attached (that is, buildings), everything below the surface (such as minerals) and the airspace above the surface up to a certain altitude. Maintaining accurate property records and conveyances requires a uniform methodology for physically describing real property across different jurisdictions.


Metes and Bounds
Documents describing, transferring or conveying real property often contain a legal description of the land. This description is often referred to as a metes and bounds description, or a bounded by description.

Uses
A legal description of real property appears in instruments such as sale contracts, deeds and other agreements relating to the property. A legal description in a property document is usually included as a separate schedule, appendix or attachment.

Boundaries
A legal description of real property uses physical features and geographical references to identify and describe the property's dimensions. The legal description will typically begin in one corner of a lot and identify the exact location of that corner. The description will then trace out and identify the length, path and corner formed by each boundary line, eventually returning to the first corner.

Importance
Any variations or inaccuracies in the legal descriptions in property documents could affect the validity of the title transfer between parties. The legal description is also helpful in identifying property boundaries when making alterations or improvements, so a proper description is essential in preventing or deciding boundary disputes between neighboring property owners.

Lot and Block System
The lot and block system is one of the simplest methods of legally describing property. Typically, this system begins with a subdivision plat or map. That plat or map is divided into smaller blocks, with individual lots demarcated within the blocks. Real property will often be referred to by its Section, Block and Lot numbers. This system is commonly used by municipalities and their building departments and tax assessors.

source: Mike Caruso

What Documents Are in Real Estate Closing Package

A real estate closing is the point where you actually borrow money to buy property, requiring a large number of documents. Closure is also where you sign and give you guarantee to repay the loan.

Closing Checklist for a Real Estate Agent How to Prepare for Closing Real Estate

Truth in Lending Statement
This paper is important to check and then check again. It contains information about the interest rate being paid, the annual percentage rate, the amount financed and the total amount to be paid over the life of the loan.

The details of the amount financed
This statement summarizes the financial costs, such as points, that the buyer may pay.

Monthly Payment Letter
This document shows a breakdown of the monthly fee, which includes payment for principal, interest, insurance, taxes and currency Escrow Account.

Mortgage
This is the actual document that places a lien on the property as collateral. It is a document that allows foreclosure by the bank if the loan is not paid.

HUD Form 1 or DisclosureSettlement Statement
Another very important document, this document contains information about the actual settlement costs. Carefully check this paper for errors as the closing agent reviews the form.

Pro-level agreements
This document describes how items such as property taxes and school taxes will be pro-rated by the new owner and the previous month for the property acquired.

Search or Abstract Title
This document can be very long as it provides the history of the property. Any documents that are recorded on the property listed in the abstract.

Deed
It is a piece of paper that actually transferring ownership of real estate from the seller to the buyer. It also contains the legal description of the property.

Insurance
Proof of insurance is required at closing on the property. This can include flood and hazard insurance, depending on the location of the property.

Additional Documents
Depending on the type of transaction and the country in which the sale occurs, there may be additional documents. Some documents Certificate of Occupancy stating the property in accordance with the building and zoning codes, an Affidavit Judgment authorizing both the buyer and seller have a judgment against them, statement assumption if the mortgage is being assumed by the buyer and the Federal and State Estate Tax Affidavit if the previous owner had died.

Sources: Diane Stevens

Forms for Real Estate Sales

A contract to purchase is in a standard form real estate transactions.
While some real estate sales involve no more than a handshake, there are forms that are commonly used to make the sale of real estate transactions law. Some documents are standard forms used by real estate agents, while others relate to the mortgage bank and the private sector, policy title and home warranty information. It is also common for Member Organizations to require real estate agents to use the standard form.

Property Disclosure Form and List
In the transaction of real estate agents, property inspected and all deficiencies Noted in the property disclosure form. Form of disclosure of property the make potential buyers aware of the structural and water damage, repairs are deferred and Whether the property is located near hazardous materials.

Realtors also have to prepare an agreement for each property that they list. The agreement lists to Determine the relationship between the agent and the seller. Seller agrees to pay the listing agent a percentage of each listing that sells.

Funding Form
When buyers the make an offer, it is common for the seller or real estate agent to ask for proof that the funds available to make the purchase. Lender-generated pre-qualification letter specifies requirements for home loans and borrowers have to PROVE through, or are in the course, complete the mortgage underwriting process. Some agencies refused to work with buyers who are not pre-approved at the time the offer is made.

Offer to Purchase and Contract Documents
Most real estate sales Including written offer. Usually offers are specified in the form of a single or series of documents, was first settled by the buyer. Sellers either reject the offer or to submit counteroffers. All sales are recorded on the form offered. If the offer is accepted, any sales recorded in the purchase contract. A contract of purchase Including the sale price, seller concessions, financing basic information, warranty information and projected closing date.

Private financing Form
It is common, especially among buyers who are unable to secure financing from banks, private financing for the document to replace the documents the lender. For these transactions, land contracts, lease-to-own and private mortgage documents accompany the sales contract. Some forms of private financing raised in the list of office actions, such as bank financing information is recorded in legal documents that the seller is in the first lien position to be repaid ..

Sources: Jim Hagerty

Real Estate Lawyers That Get Real Results

if you have purchased or are thinking about purchasing a real estate property, whether it is a house, commercial building or land, you may want to consult a real estate attorney in order to protect themselves from any unexpected liabilities that may be attached to the property. Here are some of the different areas of focus that a real estate lawyer can handle.

Commercial Real Estate

Commercial real estate law is the law of real estate categories which set the standard for commercial leases and purchase and sale of commercial real estate. Commercial lease lawyer familiar with the term commercial lease can help you review potential lease and avoid future pitfalls.

Condominium and Cooperative

Both condominiums and cooperatives are types of "common-interest" communities. In the case of condominiums, the owner is usually governed by CC & R, (condition, Abbey, & Restrictions) document. Violators can be fined, and defense against charges of infringement may find it worthwhile to speak with a lawyer CC & R practice.

Construction Dispute

Construction disputes are common in the construction industry, and many of them revolve around construction delays. Due to delay debate can become tense and time consuming, construction dispute mediation can be a great alternative, inexpensive to litigation. Real estate attorney can serve where mediation has failed.

Owner and Tenant

Landlord and tenant law is at the foundation of many real estate transactions, including evictions, lease signing, rent, and more. It's hard to be a successful landlord in any situation, but familiarizing yourself with the real estate laws provide firm ground to stand on should a dispute arise. A good grip of the law is important for renters as well. Tenants should review our "What Every Tenant Needs to Know" article to get started.

Mortgages

The mortgage is a lien placed on your property by a bank or financial institution, usually in exchange for a large loan. There are several types of mortgages currently available to homeowners, and choosing the right one for your situation is one way to avoid foreclosure can take place at a later date. Talking to a real estate attorney is the first step to staying on top of your mortgage.

Purchase and Sale of Residence

Purchase and sale of a residence or home can be done completely on your own, but more often done through a broker or agent who is experienced. While brokers can make selling your home easier, it also brings the contract and commission into the mix. If you decide to sell through agents, real estate attorney can review your contract with them before signing.

Title and Boundary Disputes

The title and boundary disputes central issue of property ownership: who owns the property and where the boundaries of the property? Lawyers agreed limit can help you if a public record of your property boundaries differ from the limits agreed upon with your neighbors. In fact, if you treat specified as boundary lines for long enough, can legally be the property boundary line under the approval to legislation perimeter.

Zoning, Planning and Land Use

Zoning, planning and land use law gives local governments control over the way in which land is usually with the goal of creating a uniform environment and area. Zoning laws can be very complex, and many types of existing zoning to regulate the building. Violations of zoning laws may be an offense (and expensive) are serious, and they are accused of violating zoning laws should talk with a local real estate attorney in their area

source : Mike Caruso